Topics
- How data represent in computer
- How to process data in a computer
- Components affecting speed
- Microcomputer processor
How data represent in Computer
➢ Computer works with binary numbers.
➢ Binary numbers maybe 0 or 1.
➢ The data inside the computer is represented as electrical pulses.
➢ The binary digit is known as a bit.
➢ It is an abbreviation of the binary digit
How to process data in a Computer
There are following steps to process data in a computer are as:
The CPU
➢ Central Processing Unit
➢ Brain of the computer
➢ Control Unit
➢ Control recourses in computer
➢ Instruction set
➢ Arithmetic Logic Unit
➢ Simple math operations
➢ Registers
Machine Cycles
➢ Steps by CPU to process data
➢ Instruction cycle
➢ CPU gets the instruction
➢ Execution cycle
➢ CPU performs the instruction
➢ Billions of cycles per second
➢ Pipelining processes more data
➢ Multitasking allows multiple instructions
Memory
➢ Stores open programs and data
➢ Small chips on the motherboard
➢ More memory makes a computer faster
Nonvolatile Memory
➢ Holds data when power is off
➢ Read Only Memory (ROM)
➢ Basic Input Output System (BIOS)
➢ Power On Self Test (POST)
Flash Memory
➢ Data is stored using physical switches
➢ Special form of nonvolatile memory
➢ Camera cards, USB key chains
Components Affecting Speed
Register
➢ The most minor computer memory is the register
➢ Registers are present inside the CPU
➢ Normal CPU consist of a 32-bit register size
➢ Large size indicates the more powerful computer
➢ Increase by purchasing a new CPU
Virtual RAM
➢ More RAM makes the computer run fast
➢ CPU then swaps data to virtual RAM
➢ The least recently used data is moved
➢ RAM is used to store data and instructions temporarily
Internal clock
➢ There exists an internal clock in the computer made up of Quartz crystal.
➢ This clockdoes not give us time
➢ When electricity is applied to Quartz crystal, its molecules begin to vibrate millions of times per second.
➢ Processors can execute an instruction in a given number of clock cycles.
➢ Speed measured in Hartz
Cache Memory
➢ Very fast memory
➢ 2nd fastest memory of a computer after registers
➢ Located on the CPU or very near the CPU chip
➢ Holds common or recently used data
➢ Speeds up computer processing
Bus
➢ Electronic pathways between components, like pathway between RAM and CPU
➢ There are two types of buses
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- Expansion bus connect to peripherals device like Mouse, Keyboard, and Printer.
- System bus connects the CPU and RAM
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➢ Bus width is measured in bits
➢ Speed is tired to the clock
Microcomputer Processor
➢ Microcomputer is an electronic device.
➢ The microprocessor as a central processing unit is known as a microcomputer.
➢ Microcomputerare small inexpensive, and portable.
➢ Microcomputer is the most important component of a microcomputer.
➢ Processor on a chip can be described as a microprocessor.
➢ It can support one user at a time.
➢ It is typically a single CPU, a single-user system that is used at home, school, shops, etc.
➢ A processor is made of two basic elements
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- Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
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- FloatingPoint Unit (FPU)
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